The Ethics Of The Police Officer - 1827 Words

Introduction Ethics may be defined as the, â€Å"principle of honor and morality; accepted rules of conduct; the principle of conduct governing an individual or group (Maine Criminal Justice Academy [MCJA], 2002, p. 3). Trust and integrity are precious resources, easily squandered, hard to regain. They can thrive only on a foundation of respect for veracity (Bok, 1989). The need for ethical policing serves as a necessary foundation for the establishment of trust and respect between the community and those who have sworn to protect its citizens. The process of improving police conduct and addressing educational needs has been slow with recommendations as far back as the early 1900s. Commissions, such as Wickersham and the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice suggested a link between education and ethical behavior. Recommendations were made to increase the learning of police officers through training and formal education. The common belief was education would reduce corruption and ethical abuses. As policing continues to evolve, today’s police officer is expected to be a problem-solver, a role model, approachable, and most importantly, ethical. Basic high school education, minimum age requirements, and other minimal hiring standards may not meet these mandates. These mandates bring about several questions. Can ethics be taught and if so, when and where should it be taught. What role does higher education serve? Are policies and procedures inShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Police Officers967 Words   |  4 PagesPolice officers not only have to follow a set of rules and legislation, but they also must behave in a decent manner while on duty as well as off duty. Unfortunately, nobody is perfect, and police officers also make wrong decisions that could jeopardize the integrity of their police department. Often people know something they do is wrong. However, they still do it because they feel no harm will come to them or it they think nobody will ever find out. For instanc e, cheating on a test is wrong, butRead MoreEthics and Law Enforcement: Ethical Conduct for Police Officers676 Words   |  3 PagesEthical Conduct for Police Officers Ethics among police officers is critical to maintaining law and order in a democratic society. Whether responding, investigating, interrogating, interviewing, or handling evidence, police interface directly with citizens and possess a great deal of power (Borello, 2012). When they are corrupt or otherwise unethical, it compromises balance and safety in a community and in society as a whole. Ethical behavior helps instill public trust in the systems and policiesRead MoreEthics And Character Analysis Interviews1677 Words   |  7 PagesEthics and Character Analysis Interviews Introduction Many law enforcement officers in the United States are good, dedicated and committed to serving the people by protecting them and their property. In most cases, however, we hear news of police officer involvement in criminal activities or unethical behavior such as theft, robbery, abuse of authority and excessive coercion. The indication of police using force against suspects and committing crimes does not appear favorable to the public becauseRead MoreCode Of Conduct For Law Enforcement Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Assignment 1 Sydney E Vaughn CRJU 1400 Ethics and Cultural Perspectives in Criminal Justice Professor Stephen N. Knights Jr October 22, 2016 Contents Introduction 2 Police Ethics 2 Corruption 3 Police Corruption 3 Police Discretion in Ethics 4 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement 4 Types of Police Corruption 4 Ethics in the Courtroom 5 Prosecuting Attorneys 5 Defense Attorneys 5 Ethics in Police Training 6 Closing 6 Introduction Ethics by definition states thatRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesDilemma of a Police Officer Professions are guided by codes of ethics to aid them in performance of their duties and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct. Police officers are faced with a maze of obligations in the performance of their official duties. The â€Å"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics† and â€Å"Canons of Police Ethics† were created to make explicit the conduct considered appropriate for police officers and to guide them in the performance of their duties. Although police have these guidesRead MorePolice Codes Of Conduct And Police Code Of Ethics1560 Words   |  7 Pages Police officers are held to a higher standard than most members in society and the community they serve. Not only must they observe and abide by the common law of the land, there are additional rules and principles they must abide by. This is illustrated in the police officer s code of conduct and police code of ethics. Many police departments have their own code of conduct which are to be followed by the officers. Just like any other profession, there are no fool proof rules and standards.Read MoreShould A Police Officer Conduct Affected His Job?981 Words   |  4 PagesUnfortunately, nobody is perfect, and police officers also make wrong decisions that could jeopardize the integrity of their police department. Often people do something that they know is wrong. However, they still do it because they feel no harm will come to them or they think nobody would ever find out. For instance, cheating on a test is wrong, but people do it because they think they can get away without the professor finding out. There was a case where a police officer conduct affected his job. On JuneRead MoreCriminal Justice: Ethics and Integrity676 Words   |  3 PagesEthics and integrity are important to a police chief or county sheriff in a number of ways. First, ethics and integrity assist a police chief or a county sheriff to recruit the best officers who can work in their departments. It is only through application of the principles of ethics and integrity that a police chief or a county sheriff can identify these qualities in the potential applicants, and use them in the recruitment process. Second, ethics and integrity are important to a police chief orRead MoreEthics : Defining Police Ethics1455 Words   |  6 PagesPolice ethics play a major role in law enforcement today, ethics are fundamental towards helping law enforcement build trust within communities, provide public safety, and stop crime. Into today’s law enforcement, ethics is posing a major role with police corruption and poli ce brutality. Police brutality has also been amplified majorly though the force multiplier or as we better know as the â€Å"media†. Defining police ethics come down to good police officer to bad police officer, or living by theRead MoreThe Ethics Of Police Ethics Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesfoundations of police ethics. The reasoning following public corruption indicates an underlying social institutional structure that our country has created. In 2006, Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa were convicted of racketeering, extortion, obstruction of justice, conspiracy, and murder charges. Louis and Stephen worked in the NYPD police department; however, they were actually working for the Lucchese crime family mafia. In 2001, Joseph Miedzianowski worked as both a police officer and a drug kingpin;

Dorothea Lange Free Essays

Art has always been Important to society. The art Influence and modify to society and which Is formed societys understanding and era. Especially visual arts such as paintings and photographs all important for know better. We will write a custom essay sample on Dorothea Lange or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example: Jaime Olaya’s painting La Famllla and Dorthea Lange’s photograph Migrant Mother. I am going to compare and contrast the similarities and differences between Migrant Mother and La Familia. There are some similarities between the two. The first similarity is their space. That artworks space is crowded and overlapping. Because the figures are large. Another similarity is composition. Both works are capturing a mother and her children. Although there are some similarities but there are several kinds of differences between Migrant Mother and La Familia. The first difference is their era. Migrant mother was made in twentieth century but Migrant Mother was made in nineteenth century. Migrant mother colors are muddy and cool on the other hand La familia colors are colorful and bright. Another difference Is their balance. Migrant mother balance Is the mother head is slightly proportional and level with the children’s had. La famllla balance Is Mother’s head Is not level at all not proportional. Another Important difference Is mood. Migrant mother mood Is depressing, worried, fear and very downhearted. All the same la familia mood Is happy, comforting, loving, peaceful and warm. Migrant mother message is struggling mother for her children and to overcome hard times with together. In addition to La Familia message is a mother holding her children with passion and love. Another difference is interpretation. I mean migrant mother interpretation is realistic but La Familia interpretation is artistic. Because Migrant Mother is seen reality of life. All in all I believe art should tell the truth but at the same time adduce beauty of life. So these artworks are one of best their period. How to cite Dorothea Lange, Papers

International Management Borders and Cultures

Question: Discuss about the International Management for Borders and Cultures. Answer: Introduction This essay is framed to enhance learning and knowledge about business ethics in marketing. In general, the ethics in marketing refers to principles or code of conduct, which every marketer and business entity has to follow. The essay provides the types of marketing ethics and their relevance in business. The essay will critically evaluate the significance of ethics principles and ethical values of marketing for sustainable business growth and success of an organization. Harvey Norman and McDonald are the two organizations that are selected in this essay for understanding ethical issues faced by business firms in marketing. This would be helpful to understand practical relevance of marketing ethics in corporate sector. Ethics in Marketing: Marketing ethics can be defined as the set of rules, norms, values and code of conducts, which guide in marketing decisions, instructions, actions, and strategies to ensure their ethical values and to ensure that they are ethically eligible to be implemented (Patrick et al, 2012). Marketing ethics is one of the branches of the business ethics. Marketing ethics is of two types, which are normative ethics and positive ethics. Normative ethics is the set of principles and methods, which provides justification of what is wrong and what is right in the marketing practices. As well, positive ethics explain the morality and common sense, which helps in taking the ethical marketing decisions. Ethical issues in the marketing are the situation or problem, where a company fails to meet ethical values in its marketing initiatives. Marketing ethical issues may occur in advertising, marketing segmentation and targeting, marketing research, privacy, personal selling, sales management, marketing strategy and actions, packaging, and labeling. Furthermore, the emerging ethical issues in marketing are fear appeals, distortions, false statement, false claim, and wrong information about the product or services (Ferrell et al, 2013). Apart from this, marketing research involves manipulation, deception, disguise and inappropriate information of research purpose. These are the basic issues currently emanating in the marketing research of the companies (Smith et al., 2012). Along with this, the most critical ethical issues, which are faced by Australian firms, are misleading information about product specification, quality of product, racism, cognitive dissonance, infringement, and altern ative invoice, deception, manipulation, packaging and labeling of the products. Ethical Issues of Harvey Norman: Harvey Norman is one of the largest multinational retail sector organizations having an Australian origin. The company is dealing in various products such as electronics, furniture etc. Harvey Norman came in headlines of the newspaper in 2011, when it did some unethical marketing of their products. The organization misleads the customers by the wrong way of advertisement method to buy their product. In this advertisement campaign, the organization did advertisement with the tag of 3D Finals Fever slogan. On that time there, AFL and NRL tournaments were going on. The organization used this tournament popularity to sell its 3D TVs. The organization urged the consumers to watch the final of AFL and NRL tournaments in 3D by purchasing their TV. They did this advertisement in the whole country despite of fact that there was no availability of 3D broadcasting in the whole country. In Australia, few cities were having the 3D broadcasting facility on that time. Court of Australia found Harvey Norman was guilty for misleading the consumers under its marketing strategy and imposed fine of $1.25 million on the organization. Due to this incident, the trust or reliability of the organization in the market got hurt and the organization lose its big market share. This way, the unethical marketing by Harvey and Norman affected the revenue of organization negatively. In 2013, organization also does one more unethical thing by misrepresenting the consumer rights for the warranty period. It imposed various unethical terms and conditions that impacted the interest of consumer negatively such as consumer have to inform the organization under 24 hours of damage of product, consumer also have to give some amount as a processing fee for repair and replacement of product under warranty period (Jager, 2013). Australian Competition Consumer Commission (ACCC) took the organization to court for this and urge the court to impose penalty on the organization. Sometime organizations used these types of strategies to increase the total revenue and market share despite of that these things are unethical. Sometimes, these strategies also gave negative results and due to that, organization may lose its present market share. This thing was happened with Harvey Norman in 2011 and 2013. Ethical Issues in McDonald: McDonalds is a big brand in global fast food industry. It is very famous in the world and McDonalds has many customers. McDonald sells hamburgers, French fries, Fried chicken and soda. Its products are very delicious and price is very cheap as compared of other companys products. There are some ethical issues faced by McDonalds in selling fast food (Ferrell et al, 2013). The company sold chicken wings after cooking of 90 minute, but according to rules of government, company cannot sell chicken wings after cooking of 30 minute. Furthermore, Staff of the McDonald store changed the expiry date of the products. Apart from this, staffs picked up beefs, which had fallen on the ground and they packed it in the packet. According to the rule of McDonalds, its pies should be sold in the 90 minute after fried of pies. Staff should have marked expiry date on the packet of products but staff did not mark exact date of pies (Deresk, 2011). Staff did this, because they want to reduce cost and want to earn more and more profits. According to McDonalds statement, it promised to customers the sale of only fresh products with high quality and safety, but many times in the quality testing by the respective organization it was found that the quality of food was not good. The organization was selling food after expiry date. Apart from this, it was not fair what they did for making more profit. According to ethics of marketing, McDonalds should not sell the products after expiry date. It could be harmful for customers health; many customers denied buying products of McDonald, because customer got hurt and it broke the trust of customers. It assured safety of customers health but its product was not safe for customers health. McDonalds announced that they keep cleanliness and never compromise in products cost and quality. But McDonalds did not performed, what it has promised to customers. Its staffs sold food, which had slipped on the ground from their hand. Furthermore, customers perception had changed towards McDonalds; they thought its products are harmful for health. Customers changed their brand loyalty and they purchased other companys fast food. Along with this, McDonalds should be honest to customers and it should not have broken the trust of customers it would be dangerous for both of them (customers and company). Company should have served food with high quality an d safety, and should not have broken the commitment. There is another marketing ethical issue faced by the company. McDonalds focused on children for marketing of products. It provided happy meal for kids. It became famous, because it gave toys with happy meal foods. In 2010, Monet Parham sued on McDonalds because her daughters were arguing with her for happy meals. Whenever the daughters of monet perham urged her to purchase happy meal for her and when she denied then her daughters were crying (Rucki, 2010). She fed up from the behavior of her daughters that was the reason she sued on the McDonalds. She claimed that deceptive advertising influenced her children for happy meals. Apart from this, McDonalds had developed unhealthy eating habits through their advertising of happy meal. McDonalds focused on children, because kids are unable to buy food if kids will go along with their parents, their sales will be increased because parents will also purchase the food for self with their kids. Furthermore, McDonalds made this strategy to mak e more profit Just because kids could persuade their parents and parents always fulfill wishes of kids. Conclusion On basis of above analysis, it can be concluded that ethics plays important role in effectiveness of marketing practices. Failure of organizations to comply with ethics principles may deteriorate brand image and sales of company in market. It is identified from the essay that there are two types of marketing ethics such as normative ethics and the positive ethics. Along with this, it can also be concluded from above analysis that unethical way of marketing, or companys failure to adopt ethical marketing can lead to law suits and regulatory disturbances against company. This can affect the sales and profitability of company in negative way. On basis of above essay, it can be recommended to organizations to design their marketing practices attentively. References Deresk, H. (2011). International management managing across borders and cultures. USA: Prentice Hall. Ethical issues faced by McDonalds (2015). Retrieved from: https://reportstation.com/2714/mcdonalds/ Ferrell, C. and Keig, D. (2013). The marketing ethics course: Current state and future directions, Journal of Marketing Education, 02-10. Jager, c. (2013). Harvey Norman Stores To Face Court Over Consumer Rights Violations. Retrieved from: https://www.lifehacker.com.au/2013/06/harvey-norman-to-face-court-again-over-consumer-rights-violations/ McDonalds (2016). McDonalds launches food safety checks at all outlets. Retrieved from: https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node27118/node27818/u22ai66773.html McDonald's (2013). McDonald's Lawsuit retrieved. Retrieved from: https://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/15/business/la-fi-mcdonalds-lawsuit-20101215 McDonald's (2013). Retrieved from: https://www.commondreams.org/views05/0522-20.html Patrick, E., Gene, R. and Prothero, A. (2012). Ethics in marketing: International cases and perspective. England: Routledge. Rucki, A. (2010). McDonalds "Deceptive" Marketing to Children. Retrieved from: https://businessethicscases.blogspot.in/2013/02/mcdonalds-targeting-children-through.html Smith, N. and Murphy, P. (2012). Marketing ethics: a review of the field. England: Sage. WG (2015). What is Business Ethics?. Retrieved from: https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-business-ethics.html

Philippine Literacy in the Pre-Spanish Era - Position Paper free essay sample

Philippine Literacy in the Pre-Spanish Era Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write common symbols. Literacy used to be a very simple idea that only involves a person’s ability or skill to read and write his/ her country’s writing system. Today, literacy has been intertwined into many different aspects and has been branded by the evolving society as having the competence to progress continuously with globalization. Through time literacy has branched out numerously and somehow acquired a criterion that people should live up to, for them to be considered literate. Workplace literacy is having the skill to perform and understand symbols and ideas like reports, graphs, and instructions. Critical literacy means knowing how to apply one’s skill for improvements, and sometimes prevention in different aspect of life; and to be computer literate one has to know how to navigate and perform computer commands (Morgan, Walter Morgan 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Literacy in the Pre-Spanish Era Position Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The English language is also viewed as one factor that affects a person’s literacy because it is a common language used all over the world. It is very often that non-native speakers of English study it to become their second language. Global organizations, Governments and businesses use English to communicate information, campaigns and business deals. In the Philippines, English in an important factor in achieving a successful and comfortable life (Wikipedia: English Language 2012). To quote the Wikipedia it says: â€Å"Literacy represents the lifelong, intellectual process of gaining meaning from print. Key to all literacy is reading development, which involves a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text. (Wikipedia: Literacy 2012) Evidently, literacy has developed levels that are considered to be the standard in our society. Despite the society’s views on literacy and how important it clearly is in the progression of individuals, I still believe that it is important for citizens to value their ancestral culture and norms, and in the Philippine setting this includes the ancient writing which has been alienated for many years. Filipino ancient writing was unlike many countries. Ancient Filipinos wrote for pleasure, to communicate and to create literature. The first time that the Spaniards came in the Philippines they did not find any kind of writings, what they did not discover early on was that Filipinos wrote on bamboos and leaves. In an account by Fr. Juan Francisco de San Antonio in 1735 he said: â€Å"up to the present time there has not been found a scrap of writing relating to religion, ceremonies, or ancient political institutions†. Ancient Filipinos were not considered about politics and sciences; they were simply enjoying the pleasure of writing. To spread Christianity, the Spaniards published Doctrina Christiana in Tagalog Script. We already know what happened next, Christianity spread and the Spaniards took over the Philippine Islands. On the site I read, a couple of theories were provided on how the Tagalog script has become extinct, and mostly involves the Spaniards influence and authority over the Filipinos. It may have been the burning of the scripts, imposition of rules by the Spaniards or it could simply be because of the evolution brought about by conquerors, but the main point is, the Filipinos developed new languages from diverse influences and eventually drifted away from its own ancient language. (Santos, 1996) Ancient Filipino script may now be completely irrelevant to literacy based on how the society views literate citizens. However, it is important to emphasize the value of traditional writing to Filipinos. Knowing where we came from promotes a sense of nationalism and may increase a person’s level of self-view. Most people feel inferior when they are unable to perform certain skills or speak fluently in English or Tagalog, but if we start altering our mindset into thinking that each Filipino dialect is as good as Tagalog or English, we might have a chance at helping each other grow as Filipino citizens.

FDA Pharmacy Rotation Essay Sample

FDA Pharmacy Rotation Essay SampleIf you are thinking about taking the FDA Pharmacy Diploma (PharmD) or other pharmacists that are already working in FDA-regulated organizations, a rotation essay sample is required of you. These samples offer an insight into how the organisation will treat their new employees. You can then use the sample to help you in your own rotation.Pharmaceutical sales representatives at the FDA are members of the Advisory Committee on Food Additives (ACFA). The ACFA helps to educate the Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives (PSR) about certain subjects including alcohol abuse. It also works with the PSR on issues such as prevention and control of substance abuse, quality management and pharmacy safety. One of the biggest problems in the industry is the excessive use of prescription drugs and alcohol.Drug abuse and the over-prescribing of drugs have increased drastically in recent years. It is responsible for many deaths across the country. Over the last decade, the FDA has cracked down on the illegal sales of prescription drugs and introduced the Compliance With National Ambulatory Medical Care (CMAN) program.During this time the agency has allowed pharmacists to write personal accounts about drug abuse, especially the effects it has had on family members. These stories are used by the FDA to work with healthcare professionals on solutions to help them identify when a patient may be suffering from drug addiction. This helps prevent prescription drug abuse and can help save the lives of countless people.When you apply for a job with the FDA, you must submit a questionnaire that asks you to list all employment-related and personal experiences that may relate to the required positions. The rotation essay sample will ask you questions about your personal life and experiences.Some of the questions will cover different reasons why you want to go into the industry and why you would be interested in working at FDA. They will also ask you about you r educational background, work experience and if you have any side interests such as the medical field.The final question in the rotation essay sample is to describe a situation where you became ill and had to remain in the hospital for longer than usual. This will let the agency know what the PSR would have to deal with when dealing with patients who suffer from addiction.

Naked Egg Drop Lab Report Essays

Naked Egg Drop Lab Report Essays Naked Egg Drop Lab Report Paper Naked Egg Drop Lab Report Paper Things we learned that was relevant to the lab were what Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy was. Potential Energy is stored energy due to objects relative position, while Kinetic energy was energy of motion; amount of energy depends on objects mass and velocity. The lab with the roller coaster showed examples of when the coaster was at the highest point that it had more Gravitational Potential energy and that by the time it reached the bottom or the lowest point of the hill it had the most amount of Kinetic Energy. The goal of the lab was to make a contraption that if an egg was dropped from about 18 Ft it wouldnt break or even crack. We tried to absorb the force of the egg so that it wouldnt hot the ground with too much energy. The contraption had a net made of yarn to catch the egg and not have it bounce too much; it was slanted slightly so the egg could roll down into a soft pile of cotton that lined the bottom of the box. The purpose of the lab was to make a contraption that would prevent an egg from breaking if dropped from about 18 feet high. The egg was to land at the highest point of the net and roll gently down into the cotton lining at the bottom of the box. Materials: * Box 22 x 45 x 29 * Net (yarn) * Cotton Balls * Large Paperclips The data does make sense. If someones data was off the way it could affect our results was it could slight miscalculations or false information. Ways we deal with this data is we do at least 2 trials and average up the data to ensure that the data would be a bit more accurate. The way the results relate to the purpose statement is it helped determine the exact height of the drop, how much kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy the egg has at a given point, and how much force and impact the egg lands with. For example I could calculate the height of the drop, too make sure the calculations are accurate, using the d=vi t+1/2 tat; I calculated that the drop should be around 6. 71 meters or about 18 Ft, which is pretty close to the actually height . Errors that could have occurred were miscalculation, incorrect information, wrong time, wrong measurement, etc. We had several timers to make sure we had the timing as accurate as possible and we compared are data to make sure we got the same data. The goal of this lab was to make a contraption that would stop the egg from breaking when dropped from about 18 Ft and to find out how much potential and kinetic energy the egg has at a given time.

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544)

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544) Manco Inca’s Rebellion (1535-1544): Manco Inca (1516-1544) was one of the last native lords of the Inca Empire. Installed by the Spanish as a puppet leader, Manco grew increasingly angry at his masters, who treated him with disrespect and who were plundering his empire and enslaving his people. In 1536 he escaped from the Spanish and spent the next nine years on the run, organizing a guerrilla resistance against the hated Spanish until his assassination in 1544. Ascent of Manco Inca: In 1532, the Inca Empire was picking up the pieces after a long civil war between brothers Atahualpa and Huscar. Just as Atahualpa had defeated Huscar, a far greater threat approached: 160 Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro and his men captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca and held him for ransom. Atahualpa paid, but the Spanish killed him anyway in 1533. The Spaniards installed a puppet Emperor, Tupac Huallpa, upon Atahualpas death, but he died shortly thereafter of smallpox. The Spanish selected Manco, a brother of Atahualpa and Huscar, to be the next Inca: he was only about 19 years old. A supporter of the defeated Huscar, Manco was lucky to have survived the civil war and was thrilled to be offered the position of Emperor. Abuses of Manco: Manco soon found that serving as puppet emperor did not suit him. The Spaniards who controlled him were coarse, greedy men who did not respect Manco or any other native. Although nominally in charge of his people, he had little real power and mostly performed traditional ceremonial and religious duties. In private, the Spanish tortured him to make him reveal the location of more gold and silver (the invaders had already carted off a fortune in precious metals but wanted more). His worst tormentors were Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro: Gonzalo even forcibly stole Mancos noble Inca wife. Manco tried to escape in October of 1535, but was recaptured and jailed. Escape and Rebellion: In April of 1836 Manco tried to escape again. This time he had a clever plan: he told the Spanish that he had to go officiate at a religious ceremony in the Yucay Valley and that he would bring back a golden statue he knew of: the promise of gold worked like a charm, as he had known it would. Manco escaped and summoned his generals and called for his people to take up arms. In May, Manco led a massive army of 100,000 native warriors in a siege of Cuzco. The Spanish there only survived by capturing and occupying the nearby fortress of Sachsaywaman. The situation turned into a stalemate until a force of Spanish conquistadors under Diego de Almagro returned from an expedition to Chile and dispersed Mancos forces. Biding His Time: Manco and his officers retreated to the town of Vitcos in the remote Vilcabamba Valley. There, they fought off en expedition led by Rodrigo Orgoà ±ez. Meanwhile, a civil war had broken out in Peru between the supporters of Francisco Pizarro and those of Diego de Almagro. Manco waited patiently in Vitcos while his enemies made war on one another. The civil wars would eventually claim the lives of both Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro; Manco must have been pleased to see his old foes brought down. Manco’s Second Rebellion: In 1537, Manco decided it was time to strike again. Last time, he had led a massive army in the field and had been defeated: he decided to try new tactics this time. He sent out word to local chieftains to attack and wipe out any isolated Spanish garrisons or expeditions. The strategy worked, to an extent: some Spanish individuals and small groups were killed and travel through Peru became very unsafe. The Spanish responded by sending another expedition after Manco and traveling in larger groups. The natives did not succeed, however, in securing an important military victory or driving the hated Spanish out. The Spanish were furious with Manco: Francisco Pizarro even ordered the execution of Cura Ocllo, Manco’s wife and a captive of the Spanish, in 1539. By 1541 Manco was once again in hiding in the Vilcabamba Valley. Death of Manco Inca: In 1541 the civil wars broke out again as supporters of Diego de Almagros son assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. For a few months, Almagro the Younger ruled in Peru, but he was defeated and executed. Seven of Almagros Spanish supporters, knowing they would be executed for treason if captured, showed up in Vilcabamba asking for sanctuary. Manco granted them entrance: he put them to work training his soldiers in horsemanship and the use of Spanish armor and weapons. These treacherous men murdered Manco sometime in mid-1544. They were hoping to gain a pardon for their support of Almagro, but instead they were quickly tracked down and killed by some of Mancos soldiers. Legacy of Manco’s Rebellions: Mancos first rebellion of 1536 represented the last, best chance the native Andeans had of kicking out the hated Spanish. When Manco failed to capture Cuzco and annihilate the Spanish presence in the highlands, any hope of ever returning to native Inca rule collapsed. Had he captured Cuzco, he could have tried to keep the Spanish to the coastal regions and maybe force them to negotiate. His second rebellion was well thought-out and did enjoy some success, but the guerrilla campaign did not last long enough to do any lasting damage. When he was treacherously murdered, Manco was training his troops and officers in Spanish methods of warfare: this suggests the intriguing possibility that had he survived he many have eventually used the Spanish weapons against them. With his death, however, this training was abandoned and future rogue Inca leaders such as Tà ºpac Amaru did not have Mancos vision. Manco was a good leader of his people. He initially sold out to become ruler, but swiftly saw that he had made a grave mistake. Once he escaped and rebelled, he did not look back and dedicated himself to removing the hated Spanish from his homeland. Source: Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).