Philippine Literacy in the Pre-Spanish Era - Position Paper free essay sample

Philippine Literacy in the Pre-Spanish Era Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write common symbols. Literacy used to be a very simple idea that only involves a person’s ability or skill to read and write his/ her country’s writing system. Today, literacy has been intertwined into many different aspects and has been branded by the evolving society as having the competence to progress continuously with globalization. Through time literacy has branched out numerously and somehow acquired a criterion that people should live up to, for them to be considered literate. Workplace literacy is having the skill to perform and understand symbols and ideas like reports, graphs, and instructions. Critical literacy means knowing how to apply one’s skill for improvements, and sometimes prevention in different aspect of life; and to be computer literate one has to know how to navigate and perform computer commands (Morgan, Walter Morgan 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Literacy in the Pre-Spanish Era Position Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The English language is also viewed as one factor that affects a person’s literacy because it is a common language used all over the world. It is very often that non-native speakers of English study it to become their second language. Global organizations, Governments and businesses use English to communicate information, campaigns and business deals. In the Philippines, English in an important factor in achieving a successful and comfortable life (Wikipedia: English Language 2012). To quote the Wikipedia it says: â€Å"Literacy represents the lifelong, intellectual process of gaining meaning from print. Key to all literacy is reading development, which involves a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text. (Wikipedia: Literacy 2012) Evidently, literacy has developed levels that are considered to be the standard in our society. Despite the society’s views on literacy and how important it clearly is in the progression of individuals, I still believe that it is important for citizens to value their ancestral culture and norms, and in the Philippine setting this includes the ancient writing which has been alienated for many years. Filipino ancient writing was unlike many countries. Ancient Filipinos wrote for pleasure, to communicate and to create literature. The first time that the Spaniards came in the Philippines they did not find any kind of writings, what they did not discover early on was that Filipinos wrote on bamboos and leaves. In an account by Fr. Juan Francisco de San Antonio in 1735 he said: â€Å"up to the present time there has not been found a scrap of writing relating to religion, ceremonies, or ancient political institutions†. Ancient Filipinos were not considered about politics and sciences; they were simply enjoying the pleasure of writing. To spread Christianity, the Spaniards published Doctrina Christiana in Tagalog Script. We already know what happened next, Christianity spread and the Spaniards took over the Philippine Islands. On the site I read, a couple of theories were provided on how the Tagalog script has become extinct, and mostly involves the Spaniards influence and authority over the Filipinos. It may have been the burning of the scripts, imposition of rules by the Spaniards or it could simply be because of the evolution brought about by conquerors, but the main point is, the Filipinos developed new languages from diverse influences and eventually drifted away from its own ancient language. (Santos, 1996) Ancient Filipino script may now be completely irrelevant to literacy based on how the society views literate citizens. However, it is important to emphasize the value of traditional writing to Filipinos. Knowing where we came from promotes a sense of nationalism and may increase a person’s level of self-view. Most people feel inferior when they are unable to perform certain skills or speak fluently in English or Tagalog, but if we start altering our mindset into thinking that each Filipino dialect is as good as Tagalog or English, we might have a chance at helping each other grow as Filipino citizens.

FDA Pharmacy Rotation Essay Sample

FDA Pharmacy Rotation Essay SampleIf you are thinking about taking the FDA Pharmacy Diploma (PharmD) or other pharmacists that are already working in FDA-regulated organizations, a rotation essay sample is required of you. These samples offer an insight into how the organisation will treat their new employees. You can then use the sample to help you in your own rotation.Pharmaceutical sales representatives at the FDA are members of the Advisory Committee on Food Additives (ACFA). The ACFA helps to educate the Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives (PSR) about certain subjects including alcohol abuse. It also works with the PSR on issues such as prevention and control of substance abuse, quality management and pharmacy safety. One of the biggest problems in the industry is the excessive use of prescription drugs and alcohol.Drug abuse and the over-prescribing of drugs have increased drastically in recent years. It is responsible for many deaths across the country. Over the last decade, the FDA has cracked down on the illegal sales of prescription drugs and introduced the Compliance With National Ambulatory Medical Care (CMAN) program.During this time the agency has allowed pharmacists to write personal accounts about drug abuse, especially the effects it has had on family members. These stories are used by the FDA to work with healthcare professionals on solutions to help them identify when a patient may be suffering from drug addiction. This helps prevent prescription drug abuse and can help save the lives of countless people.When you apply for a job with the FDA, you must submit a questionnaire that asks you to list all employment-related and personal experiences that may relate to the required positions. The rotation essay sample will ask you questions about your personal life and experiences.Some of the questions will cover different reasons why you want to go into the industry and why you would be interested in working at FDA. They will also ask you about you r educational background, work experience and if you have any side interests such as the medical field.The final question in the rotation essay sample is to describe a situation where you became ill and had to remain in the hospital for longer than usual. This will let the agency know what the PSR would have to deal with when dealing with patients who suffer from addiction.

Naked Egg Drop Lab Report Essays

Naked Egg Drop Lab Report Essays Naked Egg Drop Lab Report Paper Naked Egg Drop Lab Report Paper Things we learned that was relevant to the lab were what Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy was. Potential Energy is stored energy due to objects relative position, while Kinetic energy was energy of motion; amount of energy depends on objects mass and velocity. The lab with the roller coaster showed examples of when the coaster was at the highest point that it had more Gravitational Potential energy and that by the time it reached the bottom or the lowest point of the hill it had the most amount of Kinetic Energy. The goal of the lab was to make a contraption that if an egg was dropped from about 18 Ft it wouldnt break or even crack. We tried to absorb the force of the egg so that it wouldnt hot the ground with too much energy. The contraption had a net made of yarn to catch the egg and not have it bounce too much; it was slanted slightly so the egg could roll down into a soft pile of cotton that lined the bottom of the box. The purpose of the lab was to make a contraption that would prevent an egg from breaking if dropped from about 18 feet high. The egg was to land at the highest point of the net and roll gently down into the cotton lining at the bottom of the box. Materials: * Box 22 x 45 x 29 * Net (yarn) * Cotton Balls * Large Paperclips The data does make sense. If someones data was off the way it could affect our results was it could slight miscalculations or false information. Ways we deal with this data is we do at least 2 trials and average up the data to ensure that the data would be a bit more accurate. The way the results relate to the purpose statement is it helped determine the exact height of the drop, how much kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy the egg has at a given point, and how much force and impact the egg lands with. For example I could calculate the height of the drop, too make sure the calculations are accurate, using the d=vi t+1/2 tat; I calculated that the drop should be around 6. 71 meters or about 18 Ft, which is pretty close to the actually height . Errors that could have occurred were miscalculation, incorrect information, wrong time, wrong measurement, etc. We had several timers to make sure we had the timing as accurate as possible and we compared are data to make sure we got the same data. The goal of this lab was to make a contraption that would stop the egg from breaking when dropped from about 18 Ft and to find out how much potential and kinetic energy the egg has at a given time.

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544)

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544) Manco Inca’s Rebellion (1535-1544): Manco Inca (1516-1544) was one of the last native lords of the Inca Empire. Installed by the Spanish as a puppet leader, Manco grew increasingly angry at his masters, who treated him with disrespect and who were plundering his empire and enslaving his people. In 1536 he escaped from the Spanish and spent the next nine years on the run, organizing a guerrilla resistance against the hated Spanish until his assassination in 1544. Ascent of Manco Inca: In 1532, the Inca Empire was picking up the pieces after a long civil war between brothers Atahualpa and Huscar. Just as Atahualpa had defeated Huscar, a far greater threat approached: 160 Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro and his men captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca and held him for ransom. Atahualpa paid, but the Spanish killed him anyway in 1533. The Spaniards installed a puppet Emperor, Tupac Huallpa, upon Atahualpas death, but he died shortly thereafter of smallpox. The Spanish selected Manco, a brother of Atahualpa and Huscar, to be the next Inca: he was only about 19 years old. A supporter of the defeated Huscar, Manco was lucky to have survived the civil war and was thrilled to be offered the position of Emperor. Abuses of Manco: Manco soon found that serving as puppet emperor did not suit him. The Spaniards who controlled him were coarse, greedy men who did not respect Manco or any other native. Although nominally in charge of his people, he had little real power and mostly performed traditional ceremonial and religious duties. In private, the Spanish tortured him to make him reveal the location of more gold and silver (the invaders had already carted off a fortune in precious metals but wanted more). His worst tormentors were Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro: Gonzalo even forcibly stole Mancos noble Inca wife. Manco tried to escape in October of 1535, but was recaptured and jailed. Escape and Rebellion: In April of 1836 Manco tried to escape again. This time he had a clever plan: he told the Spanish that he had to go officiate at a religious ceremony in the Yucay Valley and that he would bring back a golden statue he knew of: the promise of gold worked like a charm, as he had known it would. Manco escaped and summoned his generals and called for his people to take up arms. In May, Manco led a massive army of 100,000 native warriors in a siege of Cuzco. The Spanish there only survived by capturing and occupying the nearby fortress of Sachsaywaman. The situation turned into a stalemate until a force of Spanish conquistadors under Diego de Almagro returned from an expedition to Chile and dispersed Mancos forces. Biding His Time: Manco and his officers retreated to the town of Vitcos in the remote Vilcabamba Valley. There, they fought off en expedition led by Rodrigo Orgoà ±ez. Meanwhile, a civil war had broken out in Peru between the supporters of Francisco Pizarro and those of Diego de Almagro. Manco waited patiently in Vitcos while his enemies made war on one another. The civil wars would eventually claim the lives of both Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro; Manco must have been pleased to see his old foes brought down. Manco’s Second Rebellion: In 1537, Manco decided it was time to strike again. Last time, he had led a massive army in the field and had been defeated: he decided to try new tactics this time. He sent out word to local chieftains to attack and wipe out any isolated Spanish garrisons or expeditions. The strategy worked, to an extent: some Spanish individuals and small groups were killed and travel through Peru became very unsafe. The Spanish responded by sending another expedition after Manco and traveling in larger groups. The natives did not succeed, however, in securing an important military victory or driving the hated Spanish out. The Spanish were furious with Manco: Francisco Pizarro even ordered the execution of Cura Ocllo, Manco’s wife and a captive of the Spanish, in 1539. By 1541 Manco was once again in hiding in the Vilcabamba Valley. Death of Manco Inca: In 1541 the civil wars broke out again as supporters of Diego de Almagros son assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. For a few months, Almagro the Younger ruled in Peru, but he was defeated and executed. Seven of Almagros Spanish supporters, knowing they would be executed for treason if captured, showed up in Vilcabamba asking for sanctuary. Manco granted them entrance: he put them to work training his soldiers in horsemanship and the use of Spanish armor and weapons. These treacherous men murdered Manco sometime in mid-1544. They were hoping to gain a pardon for their support of Almagro, but instead they were quickly tracked down and killed by some of Mancos soldiers. Legacy of Manco’s Rebellions: Mancos first rebellion of 1536 represented the last, best chance the native Andeans had of kicking out the hated Spanish. When Manco failed to capture Cuzco and annihilate the Spanish presence in the highlands, any hope of ever returning to native Inca rule collapsed. Had he captured Cuzco, he could have tried to keep the Spanish to the coastal regions and maybe force them to negotiate. His second rebellion was well thought-out and did enjoy some success, but the guerrilla campaign did not last long enough to do any lasting damage. When he was treacherously murdered, Manco was training his troops and officers in Spanish methods of warfare: this suggests the intriguing possibility that had he survived he many have eventually used the Spanish weapons against them. With his death, however, this training was abandoned and future rogue Inca leaders such as Tà ºpac Amaru did not have Mancos vision. Manco was a good leader of his people. He initially sold out to become ruler, but swiftly saw that he had made a grave mistake. Once he escaped and rebelled, he did not look back and dedicated himself to removing the hated Spanish from his homeland. Source: Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).

Change and Development in the English Language Research Paper

Change and Development in the English Language - Research Paper Example There has been significant evidence which suggests that Milton "tried to indicate a distinction in spelling, for instance, between the stressed and the unstressed forms of the personal pronouns - mee, hee, see, and there for the emphatic forms, and me, he, she, their, for the weaker ones." (Wrenn, 170-1) Topic Sentence 3: Milton was the greatest master in English poetic language, next only to Shakespeare, but "besides being the master in poetic diction of so many who have followed, Milton has left some notable marks on the language which go far beyond this sphere." (Wrenn, 173) John Milton enjoys an outstanding position as a molder and exemplar of English poetic diction and as the greatest master in English poetic language, next only to Shakespeare. However, he has also played an exceptional role in the change and development of the English language and he has made an exceptional contribution to the growth of the language in the 17th Century.  Milton is highly regarded as a prominent figure in the development of the language through the century, mainly due to his ideas on spelling with which he experimented, his study and practice of the language, and for his contribution of a number of words and phrases to the literary vocabulary of English language. John Milton has an exceptional role in the change and development of the English language, apart from his outstanding position as a molder and paradigm of English poetic diction, and â€Å"he had ideas on spelling, with which he experimented; he was a keen student of the language and a supreme practitioner in it, and he has added a number of words and phrases to the literary vocabulary if not to the spoken.†Ã‚  Significantly, the first two paragraphs of his ‘Paradise Lost’ illustrate the English language of the 17th Century. His contribution to the growth English language through his epic poem ‘Paradise Lost’ includes the transformation of spelling, the contribution of a number of new words and phrases etc.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) We have now had ten years of the Essay

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) We have now had ten years of the Woolf reforms and experience proves that - Essay Example The exchange of documents must take place beforehand and no evidence can be allowed to be produced at the end of the trial to cause embarrassment to the opponent and leave him bewildered with no instant answer. Apart from this, the new requirement literally results in the trial being conducted twice. Any deficiencies on the part of the disputing parties are liable to be penalized by extra cost for having wasted court’s time and the other party’s time. This development has driven the litigants to seek redress out of court or suffer without their dispute being resolved. For example, as against 350,000 new cases filed in 1990 and 1991 before the Queen’s bench, cases filed after the reforms were 150,000 each year especially after the expansion of jurisdiction for country courts. And now since the year 2002, new claims have dropped to less than 20,000 per year. He says that this is a reflection of litigation being settled by other than legal means. The new CPR has led to judges’ over-involvement in the case management which increases only the litigation cost with ninety percent unsure whether a case would be tried at all.1 Immediate reaction from Judge Charles Harris QC on April 16, 2009 notes that Lawrence’s comments are exaggerated. He points out that the interim report of June 1995 on Access to Justice was concerned with three evils obstructing the way to justice. They were â€Å"delay, complexity and cost†. According to him Woolf reforms have reduced delays by virtue of case management by the judiciary which prevents litigators from prolonging their cases. As for complexity, unlike old Sale of Act 1979, modern day legislations like Consumer Credit Act 2006 are not fully comprehensible to both the lawyers as well the litigants. This complexity had crept in into criminal law and civil procedure as well. Hence, Lord Woolf aimed at simplicity for the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) so that they are easily comprehended by both th e lawyers and litigants. He therefore introduced shorter expressions like â€Å"claimant† â€Å"statement of the case† and â€Å"part 20 defendant†. The rules empower a judge to do what is fair and appropriate. As for its complexity, it has become more complex going by the fact that the CPR prior to 1997 which ran into 3,933 pages is now 5,827 pages which included a supplement and further 287 pages of guidance. As against Lord Woolf’s objective of reducing the multiplicity of practice directions, the opposite has happened. While the fast track rules for straight forward cases run into seven pages, practice directions consist of nine pages. He says that well drafted rules do not require practice directions and they do not make sense to the litigants either. As for access to justice, Judge Charles Harris says that it depends on how quickly and easily proceedings could be commenced. Prior to CPR, it was very simple with a mere letter to the opponent for whic h if there was no reply, straight away case could be filed with a

The Inspector in An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestly Essay -- An Inspe

The Inspector in An Inspector Calls Examine the function and symbolism of the Inspector in the play – An Inspector Calls, and explain how Priestly makes him dramatically effective Throughout the play ‘An Inspector Calls’, by J.B Priestley, the audience sees the role of a mysterious investigator who interrogates a powerful and upper-middle class family: The Birling's. Priestley uses the role of the Inspector to expose the characters in the play, and to put his own views across about the Birling’s and their conservative beliefs. The play was written in 1946 and set in the spring of 1912. This means that the audience would have known the future events (the two world wars). Therefore they are in a position to judge the characters beliefs. At the start of the play, Priestley describes the Dining room, in which all of the acts in the play take place. He writes, ‘the dining room of a fairly large suburban house, belonging to a prosperous manufacturer. It has good solid furniture of the period. The general effect is substantial and heavily comfortable, but not cosy and homelike’. This tells the audience that the Birling’s are wealthy as they live in a presumably large and expensive house. It also shows that the setting of the play is very formal by saying that the effect of the room is not cosy and homelike. The description of the furniture acts as a metaphor for the family, being ‘solid’ and not loving and affectionate. Priestley writes that before the Inspector enters the lighting, ‘should be pink and intimate’, and that once the Inspector does enter the light should be brighter and harder. Priestly has written this to try and show that no one can hide secrets under the spotlight, and to try and portray ... ...e reality. They stand there guiltily as the play draws to a close. Throughout the play ‘An Inspector Calls’, JB Priestley uses the role of the inspector to try and show how the rich can abuse their position and how community should be respected so that all people can be treated equally. The inspector plays the role of a Freudian analyst, in the sense that he gets people to reveal their inner motivations that are hidden even to themselves. The inspector shows how everyone should live, and we should all respect and value one another. It is not important that he was not a real inspector; he was an example set for everyone to follow. Through the inspector we have been shown Priestley's beliefs on honesty, equality and being just. The inspector has shown that everyone lives in one big community, so we should treat one another with the respect they deserve.